Protein turnover and proliferation. Turnover kinetics associated with the elevation of 3T3-cell acid-proteinase activity and cessation of net protein gain

Abstract

At least 95% of the total protein of [murine sarcoma virus-transformed] A31-3T3 cell cultures undergoes turnover. First-order exponential kinetics were used to provide a crude approximation of averaged protein synthesis, Ks, degradation, Ks, and net accumulation, Ka, as cells ceased growth at near-confluent density in unchanged Dulbecco''s medium containing 10% serum. The values of the relationship Ka = Ks - Kd were: 5%/h = 6%/h-1%/h in growing cells, and 0%/h = 3%/h-3%/h in steady-state resting cells. As determined by comparison of the progress of protein synthesis and net protein accumulation, the time course of increase in protein degradation coincided with the onset of an increase in lysosomal proteinase activity and decrease in thymidine incorporation after .apprx. 2 days of exponential growth. After acute serum deprivation, rapid increases in protein degradation of < 1%/h could be superimposed on the prevailing degradation rate in either growing or resting cells. Two proteolytic mechanisms can be distinguished on the basis of the kinetics of their alterations. A slow mechanism changes in relation to proliferative status and lysosomal enzyme elevation. A prompt mechanism, previously described by others, changed before changes in cell-cycle distribution or lysosomal proteinase activity. When the serum concentration of growing cultures was decreased to 1% or 0.25%, then cessation of growth was accompanied by a lower steady-state protein turnover rate of 2.0%/h or 1.5%/h, respectively. When growth ceased under conditions of overcrowded cultures, or severe nutrient insufficiency, protein turnover did not attain a final steady state, but declined continually into the death of the culture.