Ultraviolet radiation B induces differentiation and protein kinase C in normal human epidermal keratinocytes

Abstract

Mid‐wave ultraviolet radiation (UVB, 280–320 nm) is highly efficient at inducing erythema, pyrimidine dimers in DNA, oncogene expression and initiation of cutaneous tumors. These UVB‐induced responses of epidermal cells have been correlated with the direct effects of UVB on DNA. However, UVB has also been shown to have biologic effects at the cellular level that appear to mimic some of the membrane‐associated effects produced by phorbol ester tumor promoters such as 12‐O‐tetradecanoyl phorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA). For example, we have previously shown that both UVB irradiation and TPA treatment are followed by release of arachidonic acid and a rapid, dose‐dependent inhibition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding. TPA generates cellular responses through activation of a phospholipid‐dependent, calcium‐sensitive protein kinase, protein kinase C (PKC). The primary goal of the studies described here was to compare the cellular effects of TPA with those of UVB with special regard to PKC and keratinocyte growth control, using normal human epidermal keratinocytes. The results obtained showed that both TPA and UVB radiation induced differentiation in normal human keratinocytes. UVB radiation, however, increased both cytosolic and membrane‐associated levels of PKC, in contrast to TPA, which increased PKC primarily in the membrane fraction. PKC is probably not the initial chromophore or target molecule of UVB, but because activation of PKC has been shown to be essential for keratinocyte differentiation, differentiation induced by UVB may be caused by activation of PKC by UVB‐induced release of diacylglycerol or arachidonic acid.