Anthropological methods have been introduced into rapid assessment procedures (RAP) for a number of diseases and related health issues. This paper examines the suitability of this approach for health research in countries where tropical diseases are endemic. Adjustments to conventional methods are necessary, given the limited time in the field, and the need to ensure the validity and reliability of data. Although rapid assessment has certain shortcomings and does not obviate the need for long-term studies, we argue that a mix of research methods, use of multidisciplinary teams and attention to contradictions within the study population will produce valid data in a relatively short time period.