Thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in the goitrous region of Salta, Argentina, before and after iodine prophylaxis

Abstract

The importance of iodine intake and thyroiditis in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer remains controversial. We have investigated the natural history of thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in a goitrous region before and after iodine prophylaxis over a 31-year period. For the analysis of thyroid cancer the material was divided in two periods. The first 15 years (59 cases), including 5 years before prophylaxis, was compared with the second 16 years (85 cases), a period well after iodine supplementation of salt. Histological diagnosis of the tumours was based on the WHO system. Moderate to severe thyroiditis in the non-tumoral surrounding thyroid from female patients was recorded. For this, the material was analysed in the two periods in relation to the introduction of iodine prophylaxis in 1963, taking account of the age of the patients. Papillary carcinomas formed the largest group of tumours in both periods, with nearly twice as many in the second period as the first, while the numbers of follicular and medullary carcinomas remained about the same. The ratio of papillary to follicular carcinoma rose from 1.7:1 in the first period to 3.1:1 in the second. All three thyroid lymphomas were of the non-Hodgkin's type, and all occurred in the second period in females aged over 50. A severe lymphoid thyroiditis was present in the two cases with assessable background thyroid tissue. The frequency of lymphoid infiltrate in females rose from 8% (1/12) before 1963 to 25% (18/72) after prophylaxis in the whole series. After salt prophylaxis, thyroiditis was more frequent in patients with papillary carcinoma in general (31%), and clinically significant papillary carcinomas in particular (35%), than in those with non-papillary tumours (6%) (chi 2, P < 0.05 and P < 0.025, respectively). Our observations indicate that a high dietary intake of iodine may be associated with a high frequency of papillary carcinoma and thyroiditis, and that thyroiditis is more commonly associated with papillary carcinoma than with other thyroid tumours. The occurrence of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas only in the post-prophylaxis period may be linked to an increase in thyroiditis.