Could the airway epithelium play an important role in mucosal immunoglobulin A production?

Abstract

Immunoglobulin (Ig) A is the major immunoglobulin of the healthy respiratory tract and is thought to be the most important immunoglobulin for lung defence. The basis for the preferential generation of IgA‐secreting cells in the airway mucosa remains unclear. Given the half‐life of 5 days for the majority of IgA plasma cells, many IgA plasma cells must develop daily from B cells to guarantee a continuous supply of IgA antibodies in the airway mucosa. For this, the surrounding cells must provide a constant supply of cytokines necessary for B‐cell isotype switch, growth and differentiation into IgA‐secreting plasma cells. Studies with CD4⁺ T‐cell knockout mice, T‐cell receptor knockout mice and mice made transgenic for CTLA4‐Ig demonstrate normal mucosal IgA isotype switch, differentiation and IgA production, thereby suggesting that T cells are not critical for mucosal IgA production, and that other cell sources may be more important. Also, the bronchus‐associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), which is believed to be the major site where IgA isotype switch and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells occur with the help of cytokines released by T cells, is not a constitutive feature of the normal human lung. This indicates that other parts of the respiratory tract must carry out the BALT function. We have recently demonstrated that healthy human airway epithelial cells constitutively produce IL‐5, a major cytokine implicated in the growth and differentiation of post‐switch mIgA⁺ B cells to IgA‐producing plasma cells. Several studies have recently reported that the human airway epithelium also constitutively produces IL‐2, TGFβ, IL‐6 and IL‐10, factors which are essential for B‐cell clonal proliferation, IgA isotype switch and differentiation into IgA‐producing plasma cells. The close proximity of B cells to the airway epithelium probably ensures a constant supply of growth and differentiation factors necessary for mucosal IgA production. In addition, the epithelial cells produce a glycoprotein, called the secretory component, which not only confers increased stability to S‐IgA, but is also quantitatively the most important receptor of the mucosal immune system, since it is responsible for the external transport of locally produced polymeric IgA and IgM. Recent studies also suggest a possible role for epithelial cells in antigen presentation. Dendritic cells situated within the airway epithelium could directly present antigens to B cells and direct their isotype switch towards IgA₁ and IgA₂ with the help of cytokines produced by epithelial cells. Airway epithelial cells could therefore play a major role in the production of mucosal IgA antibodies which are essential for airway mucosal defence.