Circadian Rhythm and Effect of Posture on Plasma Aldosterone Concentration in Primary Aldosteronism

Abstract

The effect of circadian rhythm and alterations in posture on plasma aldosterone concentration was studied in 13 patients with primary aldosteronism (six adenoma, five idiopathic hyperplasia, two carcinoma) to define the regulatory mechanism in each of these pathologic subtypes. Blood samples for aldosterone, cortisol, renin, and potassium concentrations were obtained eveiy 4 h during prolonged recumbency (32 h) and upright posture (16 h). During recumbency, aldosterone and cortisol followed a normal circadian pattern in patients with adenoma and hyperplasia, with peak values at 0400–0800 h and the nadir at 1600–2400 h. Normalized aldosterone and cortisol values correlated significantly in both groups (adenoma r = +0.66, P < 0.001; hyperplasia r = +0.42, P < 0.01). With upright posture, aldosterone levels declined parallel to the normal circadian fall in cortisol in patients with adenoma (r = +0.68, P < 0.001), whereas aldosterone levels increased in patients with hyperplasia parallel to small increments in renin (r = +0.65, P < 0.001) and potassium (r = +0.64, P < 0.001). During the administration of dexamethasone, aldosterone no longer correlated with cortisol in patients with adenoma but continued to correlate with renin during upright studies in patients with hyperplasia (r = +0.77, P < 0.01). Aldosterone circadian rhythm was abnormal in patients with carcinoma and no effect of posture was noted. Unilateral adrenalectomy restored the normal postural relationship in four patients with adenoma. These studies suggest that aldosterone secretion is under continuous ACTH control regardless of posture in patients with adenoma, whereas persistent adrenal responsiveness to small increments in renin and/or potassium mediate the postural increase in plasma aldosterone in patients with hyperplasia. True adrenal autonomy occurs only in patients with adrenal carcinoma and when ACTH is suppressed in those with adenoma.