Nonlinearity and Asymmetry of ENSO*

Abstract

El Niño events (warm) are often stronger than La Niña events (cold). This asymmetry is an intrinsic nonlinear characteristic of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. In order to measure the nonlinearity of ENSO, the maximum potential intensity (MPI) index and the nonlinear dynamic heating (NDH) of ENSO are proposed as qualitative and quantitative measures. The 1997/98 El Niño that was recorded as the strongest event in the past century and another strong El Niño event in 1982/83 nearly reached the MPI. During these superwarming events, the normal climatological conditions of the ocean and atmosphere were collapsed completely. The huge bursts of ENSO activity manifested in these events are attributable to the nonlinear dynamic processes. Through a heat budget analysis of the ocean mixed layer it is found that throughout much of the ENSO episodes of 1982/83 and 1997/98, the NDH strengthened these warm events and weakened subsequent La Niña events. This led to the warm–cold asymmetry. ... Abstract El Niño events (warm) are often stronger than La Niña events (cold). This asymmetry is an intrinsic nonlinear characteristic of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. In order to measure the nonlinearity of ENSO, the maximum potential intensity (MPI) index and the nonlinear dynamic heating (NDH) of ENSO are proposed as qualitative and quantitative measures. The 1997/98 El Niño that was recorded as the strongest event in the past century and another strong El Niño event in 1982/83 nearly reached the MPI. During these superwarming events, the normal climatological conditions of the ocean and atmosphere were collapsed completely. The huge bursts of ENSO activity manifested in these events are attributable to the nonlinear dynamic processes. Through a heat budget analysis of the ocean mixed layer it is found that throughout much of the ENSO episodes of 1982/83 and 1997/98, the NDH strengthened these warm events and weakened subsequent La Niña events. This led to the warm–cold asymmetry. ...