Descriptions are given of physiography, winds, etc., of Kashmir, with interspersed notes on the wild ass, Tibetan antelope (Pantholops), yak, and other mammals and birds. Each individual has an altitudinal limit (generally 13,000-15,000 ft.) beyond which it can not go without distress. At more than 18,000 ft. breathing was less difficult when walking than when resting. Insomnia and other effects were noticed more at 14,500-16,500 ft. than at higher elevations. Tibet differs from other cold regions in that it has very little snow. Its mammals and birds do not, as elsewhere, turn white in winter. Since peninsular India was first separated from central Asia by ocean, then connected by the rise of land in the eastern Himalayas, and later "cut off" by the growth of the great mountain barrier, the Himalayan range is therefore a pathway for migration westward of Asiatic forms. Several genera showing discontinuous distribution are mapped Hemitragus (a goat-like animal), Rhododendron, and Garrulax (laughing thrush). Species of Hemitragus occur in the Himalayas, in the Nilgiri Mts. in southern India, and in Oman in eastern Arabia. The other 2 extend from eastern Asia along the Himalayas, and have outlying relic colonies in the Nilgiri Hills. Tibet and the Himalayas consist of 3 faunistic sub-regions: the Tibetan plateau, Kashmir, and the forested zones of the Himalayas from Bhutan to southern Kashmir. The last has been colonized from the east, as seen by the marked decrease in number of species from east to west (from 447 to 3 for Rhododendron and from 19 to 4 for Garrulax).[long dash]The Tibetan plateau is remarkable for a continental area in its large quota of species peculiar to the region. Tibet is, in short, a huge alpine island. The wild ass, the Arctic hare, and other forms are species driven from a once wider range by competition. They have taken refuge either on high mountain tops or in deserts, and Tibet satisfies both these conditions. Kashmir, at the west end of the Himalayas, contains Palearctic forms of northern origin, such as the Kashmir stag (Cervus cashmirianus) and one or a few species of many of those Oriental genera which extend from the Chinese Hills westward along the Himalayas.