Studies of the role of ischemia/reperfusion and superoxide anion radical production in the teratogenicity of cocaine

Abstract

The administration of multiple doses of cocaine on a single day during late gestation is teratogenic in rats in which hind limb ectrodactyly is a major finding (Webster and Brown‐Woodman, '90). We have previously hypothesized that these limb malformations result from the generation of reactive oxygen species during the process of ischemia/reperfusion in vivo. In order to study the direct effects of cocaine versus the aberrant oxygenation it may induce, we have developed a system for culturing rat embryos between days 14 and 15 of gestation. Growth and development of cultured embryos are comparable to that of in vivo controls. Exposure to normoxia (95% O₂) with or without cocaine failed to induce limb malformations and exposure to a single long period of hypoxia (20% O₂) only reduced limb growth in the anterior‐posterior axis. By contrast, embryos receiving multiple brief exposures to hypoxia developed a significant incidence of hind limb ectrodactyly that appeared indistinguishable from that induced by cocaine in vivo. By incubating day 14 embryos in a nitroblue tetrazolium derivative, 1‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), it was shown that superoxide anion radical appears in the digital rays following two episodes of reperfusion. Little reaction product was seen under the other conditions. Finally, mitochondrial electron transport particles prepared from teratogenically sensitive limb buds spontaneously “leak” electrons to form superoxide anion radical whereas those from insensitive heart fail to do so. We propose that cocaine and other exposures that can transiently reduce conceptal oxygenation during late gestation are teratogenic by virtue of their capacity to induce ischemia/reperfusion. This process generates toxic oxygen radicals that can overwhelm the immature antioxidant defenses.