Friction Factors for Fully Developed Turbulent Flow in Ducts With and Without Heat Transfer

Abstract
Tests were performed with water flowing vertically upward through a 0.087-in. × 1-in. × 27-in. long rectangular channel to determine friction factors with and without heat transfer. The following range of variables was covered: Mass velocities: 0.60 × 106 to 4.0 × 106 lbm/hr-ft2; Heat flux: 0 to 1.6 × 106 Btu/hr-ft2; Inlet temperature: 59 to 510 deg F; Pressures: 300 to 2000 psia. The isothermal data confirmed the use of the hydraulic equivalent diameter with the conventional circular tube friction factors for narrow rectangular channels at Reynolds numbers from 4 × 103 to 5 × 105. Using the results of the heated tests and the data existing in the literature, a general correlation was formulated which correlated the data for both water and air.