Advances in Raman optical activity (ROA) instrumentation, based on the employment of a backscattering geometry together with a back-thinned CCD detector and a single-grating spectrograph with a holographic edge filter, have now enhanced the sensitivity to the level necessary to provide vibrational ROA spectra of proteins in aqueous solution. Early results show at least four separate regions in protein ROA spectra associated with vibrations of the backbone which appear to characterize the α-helix, β-sheet, reverse turn and random-coil secondary conformation content. Side-group ROA features also appear, with tryptophan particularly prominent in lysozyme and α-lactalbumin. ROA should become a sensitive new probe of protein folding and ligand-induced conformational change in aqueous solution.