Cyclosaligenyl-2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine Monophosphate: Efficient Intracellular Delivery of d4TMP

Abstract

Cyclosaligenyl-2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine-5′-monophosphate (cycloSal-d4TMP) is a potent and selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus replication in cell culture and differs from other nucleotide prodrug approaches in that it is designed to selectively deliver the nucleotide 5′-monophosphate by a controlled, chemically induced hydrolysis. Its antiviral efficacy in cell culture is at least as good as, if not superior to, that of d4T. CycloSal-d4TMP was found to lead to the efficient intracellular release of d4TMP in a variety of cell lines, including both wild-type CEM and thymidine kinase-deficient CEM/TK⁻ cells. Under similar experimental conditions, exposure of CEM/TK⁻ cells to d4T failed to result in significant d4TTP levels. The intracellular conversion of cycloSal-d4TMP proved to be both time and dose dependent. The half-life of d4TTP generated intracellularly from d4T- or cycloSal-d4TMP-treated CEM cells was ∼3.5 h, and the intracellular ratios of d4TTP/d4TMP in cells exposed to cycloSal-d4TMP gradually increased from 1 to 3.4 upon prolonged incubation. Radiolabeled cycloSal-d4TMP could be separated as its two R_p and S_pdiastereomers on high-performance liquid chromatography. TheR_p diastereomer of cycloSal-d4TMP was 3- to 7-fold more efficient in releasing d4TMP and generating d4TTP than theS_p cycloSal-d4TMP diastereomer. This correlated well with the 5-fold more pronounced antiviral activity of the R_p diastereomer versus theS_p diastereomer. d4TMP is a poor substrate for the cytosolic 5′(3′)-deoxyribonucleotidase (V_max/K_m for d4TMP: 0.08 ofV_max/K_m for dTMP) and is only slowly hydrolyzed to d4T. This contributes to the efficient conversion of the prodrug of d4TTP.