Relation Between Pulmonary Vein Firing and Extent of Left Atrial–Pulmonary Vein Connection in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
- 30 March 2004
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Wolters Kluwer Health in Circulation
- Vol. 109 (12), 1523-1529
- https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000121745.13435.e0
Abstract
Background— Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are implicated in cardiovascular disease. Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. We assessed whether GH replacement, in GH-deficient adults, has any effect on plasma levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), known to activate MMPs.Keywords
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