The Effects of Hyponatraemia and Subarachnoid Haemorrhage on the Cerebral Vasomotor Responses of the Rabbit

Abstract

Impairment of cerebral autoregulation and development of hyponatraemia are both implicated in the pathogenesis of delayed cerebral ischaemia and infarction following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) but the pathophysiology and interactions involved are not fully understood. We have studied the effects of hyponatraemia and SAH on the cerebral vasomotor responses of the rabbit. Cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia and cerebral autoregulation to trimetaphan-induced hypotension were determined in normal and hyponatraemic rabbits before and 6 days after experimental SAH produced by two intracisternal injections of autologous blood. Hyponatraemia (mean plasma sodium of 119 m M) was induced gradually over 48 h by administration of Desmopressin and intraperitoneal 5% dextrose. Sham animals received normal saline. The cerebrovascular reactivity (% change ±SD in cortical CBF/mm Hg PaCO₂, measured by hydrogen clearance) of hyponatraemic (4.8 ± 3.0%) and SAH (1.3 ± 2.0%) animals was significantly less ( p < 0.05) than control (11.6 ± 4.0%) and sham (8 ± 2.0%) animals, whereas the reactivity of hyponatraemic-SAH animals was preserved (9.8 ± 6.0%). Hyponatraemia and SAH alone each significantly impaired CBF autoregulation but their combined effects were not additive. Systemic hyponatraemia impairs normal cerebral vasomotor responses but does not augment the effects of experimental SAH in the rabbit.