Systematics of the Subfamily Ixodinae (Acarina: Ixodidae). 1. the Subgenera of Ixodes

Abstract
The classification of the genus Ixodes is reviewed and 14 subgenera are recognized: Afrixodes Morel, Alloixodes Černy, Ceratixodes Neumann, Endopalpiger Schulze, Eschatocephalus Frauenfeld (=Pomerantzevella Feider, NEW SYNONYM [n. syn.]), Exopalpiger Schulze (=Arthuriella Santos Dias, n. syn.), Haemixodes Kohls & Clifford, Ixodes Latreille (=Trichotoixodes Reznik, n. syn.), Lepidixodes Schulze MULTIDENTATUS, n. subgen. (type Ixodes laysanensis Wilson), Partipalpiger Hoogstraal, Clifford, Saito, & Keirans, Pholeoixodes Schulze (=Ixodiopsis Filippova, n. syn.), Scaphixodes Schulze, and Sternalixodes Schulze. Acceptance of 3 monotypic subgenera, Monoindex, Coxixodes, and Xiphixodes, is deferred pending further study. The subgenera are described and the interrelationships of several species are discussed. Two NEW SYNONYMS are recognized: Ixodes simplex Neumann (=I. audyi Kohls) and I. nuttallianus Schulze (=I. muntiaci Schulze).