Cognitive Brain Potentials in Children at Risk for Schizophrenia: Preliminary Findings

Abstract

Event-related brain potentials were recorded to auditory stimuli from children at risk for schizophrenia and normal control children who were part of 2 independnet samples being followed longitudinally. Subjects were required to detect (with a reaction time response) 1 of 2 infrequent events (either a pitch change or a missing stimulus), each of which occurred 17% of the time, and was embedded in a sequence of frequent events occurring 66% of the time. The event-related potential (ERP) elicited by both infrequent stimuli consisted of a positive-going wave peaking at 350 ms for the pitch change ERP (P350) and 400 ms for the missing stimulus ERP (P400) and a slow wave, which overlapped with and extended beyond the P350 and P400 potentials. When the eliciting event was relevant, these potentials were significantly larger than when it was irrelevant. When the waveforms produced by the highrisk (HR) subjects were compared to those produced by the normal control (NC) subjects, the HR subjects of both samples showed significantly less late positive amplitude (P350 and P400)than the NC subjects, but only when the eliciting event was relevant. This effect appeared to be independent of reaction time, as reaction time means and variances were quite similar between risk groups. Other possible explanations for this amplitude reduction were explored. Since late positive component amplitude reduction has been consistently reported to characterize the waveforms of adult schizophrenics, the reduction seen in children at genetic risk for schizophrenia may be a premorbid indicator for the development of the psychosis.