Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents from Viral Capsid Shells: A Comparison of Exterior and Interior Cargo Strategies

Abstract

Two high-relaxivity nanoscale magnetic resonance contrast agents have been built using bacteriophage MS2 as a biomolecular scaffold. Protein capsid shells were functionalized on either the exterior or interior surface to display multiple copies of an aldehyde functional group. Subsequently, ∼90 heteropodal bis(hydroxypyridonate)terephthalamide ligands were attached to these sites through oxime condensation reactions. Upon complexation with Gd³⁺, contrast agents with ionic relaxivities of up to 41.6 mM^-1 s^-1 (30 MHz, 25 °C) and total molecular relaxivities of up to 3900 mM^-1 s^-1 (30 MHz, 25 °C) were produced. Capsids sequestering the Gd-chelates on the interior surface (attached through tyrosine residues) not only provided higher relaxivities than their exterior functionalized counterparts (which relied on lysine modification) but also exhibited improved water solubility and capsid stability. The attachment functional cargo to the interior surface is envisioned to minimize its influences on biodistribution, yielding significant advantages for tissue targeting by additional groups attached to the capsid exterior.