Voltage monitors for high-power 10–20 MV pulsed electron accelerators

Abstract
Four monitoring techniques that can determine peak voltage (Vp) to a precision of ∼5% for high‐intensity, pulsed electron accelerators operating in the 10 to 20 MV range are discussed and applied to the 14‐TW HERMES III accelerator. The techniques utilize parapotential flow theory, the range of H ions, the bremsstrahlung from electron interactions with an electron target, and the photoneutron fluence from neutrons generated in a bremsstrahlung target. Application of these techniques to HERMES III shows that when the accelerator is operating under nominal conditions, Vp=(18.7±0.7) MV.