Penetration of Solar Protons and Alphas to the Geomagnetic Equator

Abstract

Simultaneous spectral observations of low-energy solar particles in interplanetary space and in the magnetosphere on the equator strongly imply that these particles have essentially free access to the outer magnetosphere through a very effective diffusion mechanism which preserves the spectral shapes and the flux magnitudes. These observations further imply that measurements of solar-particle arrival time over the polar caps are not sufficient to distinguish between open or closed magnetosphere models.