Tricksy Business: Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Involvement of Thioredoxin A in Redox Homeostasis, Oxidative Stress, Sulfur Metabolism, and Cellular Differentiation inBacillus subtilis

Abstract

Thioredoxins are important thiol-reactive proteins. Most knowledge about this class of proteins is derived from proteome studies, and little is known about the global transcriptional response of cells to various thioredoxin levels. In Bacillus subtilis, thioredoxin A is encoded by trxA and is essential for viability. In this study, we report the effects of minimal induction of a strain carrying an IPTG (isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside)-inducible trxA gene (ItrxA) on transcription levels, as determined by DNA macroarrays. The effective depletion of thioredoxin A leads to the induction of genes involved in the oxidative stress response (but not those dependent on PerR), phage-related functions, and sulfur utilization. Also, several stationary-phase processes, such as sporulation and competence, are affected. The majority of these phenotypes are rescued by a higher induction level of ItrxA, leading to an approximately wild-type level of thioredoxin A protein. A comparison with other studies shows that the effects of thioredoxin depletion are distinct from, but show some similarity to, oxidative stress and disulfide stress. Some of the transcriptional effects may be linked to thioredoxin-interacting proteins. Finally, thioredoxin-linked processes appear to be conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.