Accurate Calculation of Properties of the Two-Tube Electrostatic Lens II. First-Order Focal Properties and P-Q Curves

Abstract

Using digital methods, electric fields and paraxial electron trajectories in the two‐tube electrostatic lens have been calculated, and the first‐order (Gaussian) focal properties accurate to at least 0.1% were obtained for voltage ratios from 1.5 to 50. The results are presented in the form of P‐Q (object‐image position) curves for maximum ease of use.