The development of children's urology was hampered by two totally different factors. The first, purely mechanical, was overcome by the fabrication of proper instruments, and the second and more important factor, the psychologic, was overcome by the realization of physicians that children do have urologic complaints for which proper diagnosis can be made and treatment given. Dr. Meredith Campbell's textbook "Pediatric Urology"1 helped make many realize the psychologic importance of urologic disease in children. The average physician is quite used to the patient with disease of the urinary tract who directs his complaints toward that field and is able to cooperate in simple examinations. The average urologist is also accustomed to a patient who has large veins and an adequate urethra and who can urinate at will. The child, on the other hand, frequently has small veins, urethral inadequacy, and inability to urinate at will. His symptoms may not be