Instrumental learning with sociopaths: A test of clinical theory.

Abstract

Twenty seven incarcerated sociopaths, 27 incarcerated nonsociopaths, and 27 normals were instructed to draw 3-in lines while blindfolded. Knowledge of results was the verbal response "correct," "too long, " or "too short," plus mild electric shock for incorrect responses. All groups showed rapid improvement during the treatment trials. Contrary to some recent experimental findings, the incarcerated sociopaths improved with reinforcement and, in addition, demonstrated the most rapid acquisition and greatest resistance to extinction.