Synthesis, In Vitro Receptor Binding, and In Vivo Evaluation of Fluorescein and Carbocyanine Peptide-Based Optical Contrast Agents

Abstract

Site-specific delivery of drugs and contrast agents to tumors protects normal tissues from the cytotoxic effects of drugs and enhances the contrast between normal and pathologic tissues. One approach to achieve selectivity is to target overexpressed receptors on the membranes of tumor cells and to visualize the tumors by a noninvasive optical imaging method. Accordingly, we conjugated fluorescein and carbocyanine dyes to somatostatin and bombesin receptor-avid peptides and examined their receptor binding affinities. We also prepared potential dual imaging probes consisting of a bioactive peptide for tumor targeting, a biocompatible dye for optical imaging, and a radioactive or paramagnetic metal chelator for scintigraphic or magnetic resonance imaging of tumors. Using these approaches, the resulting carbocyanine derivatives of somatostatin and bombesin analogues retained high binding for their respective receptors. Further evaluation of representative molecules in rats bearing somatostatin- and bombesin-positive tumors showed selective uptake of the agents by the tumor cells. Unlike carbocyanine derivatives, the receptor binding of fluorescein−somatostatin peptide conjugates was highly sensitive to the type of linker and the site of fluorescein attachment on the nonreceptor binding region of the peptide. In general, the presence of flexible linkers disrupted binding affinity, possibly due to the interaction of the linker's thiourea group with the peptide's cyclic disulfide bond. While the receptor binding affinity of the dual probes was not dependent on the type of chelating group examined, it was affected by the relative positions of fluorescein and chelator on the lysine linker. For somatostatin compounds, best results were obtained when the chelator was on the α-amino lysine linker and fluorescein was on the ε-amino group. In contrast, conjugation of the chelator to ε- and fluorescein to the α-amino lysine linker of bombesin peptides resulted in high receptor binding. These findings indicate that despite their small size, conjugation of dyes to truncated somatostatin and bombesin peptide analogues results in promising diagnostic agents that retain high receptor binding activity in vitro. The results further show that these contrast agents can selectively and specifically localize in receptor-positive tumors in rat models.