The epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has given an urgency to health policy dilemmas that have long been brewing. By exacerbating long-standing problems, the epidemic has surpassed what we find tolerable and has pressured politicians and health officials to find solutions. Whether the approaches they take will substantially contribute to solving the underlying problems is unclear. Many persons engaged in health policy believe that in responding to the AIDS crisis we may be defining our society for future historians. Judgement may be passed on how compassionately we care for those who are sick, how effectively we choose our public health measures, and how creatively we apply our scientific knowledge. This paper addresses six challenges that face policymakers: (a) protecting people from discrimination, (b) designing testing and screening programs, (c) developing safe and effective antiviral drugs, (d) planning for future vaccine trials, (e) organizing and delivering health care to sufferers of HIV infection, and (f) financing such health care.