Factors influencing heart rate in free-ranging bighorn sheep: a physiological approach to the study of wildlife harassment

Abstract

The telemetered heart rates (HR) of unrestrained female bighorn sheep (Ovis c. canadensis) were recorded under various behavioral and environmental circumstances. In all ewes HR varied positively with activity level and inversely with distance to a road traversing the study area. The HR recorded from animals moving at night or through timber by day were higher than during daytime movement across open slopes. Responses to transient stimuli varied greatly. The appearance of free-ranging canids evoked maximal increases in HR in all ewes. Vehicular traffic and aircraft elicited HR responses only at close range (< 200 m). Most (78.1%) HR responses to disturbing stimuli preceded or occurred in the absence of overt behavioral reactions. The HR usually peaked within 60 s of the onset of the response and recovered to predisturbance base line in less than 200 s. The appearance and continued presence (1-10 min) of a human within 50 m of the sheep resulted in a 20% rise in mean HR. The behavior, ecology and bioenergetics of bighorn sheep were discussed.