Regulation of Vacuolar H+-Pyrophosphatase by Free Calcium

Abstract

The H⁺-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase (H⁺-PPase) associated with vesicles of the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) isolated from beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is subject to direct inhibition by Ca²⁺ and a number of other divalent cations (Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺). By contrast, the H⁺-translocating ATPase (H⁺-ATPase) located on the same membrane is insensitive to Ca²⁺. Here we examine the mechanism and feasibility of regulation of the vacuolar H⁺-PPase by cytosolic free Ca²⁺ under the conditions thought to prevail in vivo with respect to Mg²⁺, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), and pH. The minimal reaction scheme that satisfactorily describes the effects of elevated Ca²⁺ or CaPPi on the enzyme is one that invokes equilibrium binding of substrate (Mg₂PPi) at one site, inhibitory binding of Mg₂PPi to a lower-affinity second site, binding of activator (Mg²⁺) at a third site, and direct binding of Ca²⁺ or CaPPi to a fourth site. Changes in enzyme activity in response to selective manipulation of either Ca²⁺ or CaPPi are explicable only if Ca²⁺, rather than CaPPi, is the inhibitory ligand. This conclusion is supported by the finding that CaPPi fails to mimic substrate in protection of the enzyme from inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide. Furthermore, the reaction scheme quantitatively and independently predicts the observed noncompetitive effects of free Ca²⁺ on the substrate concentration dependence of H⁺-PPase activity. The results are discussed in relation to the previous proposal that CaPPi is the principal inhibitory ligand of the vacuolar H⁺-PPase (M. Maeshima [1991] Eur J Biochem 196: 11-17) and the possibility that in vivo modulation of cytosolic free Ca²⁺ might constitute a specific mechanism for selective regulation of this enzyme, and consequently for stabilization of PPi levels in the cytoplasm of plant cells.