The pattern and distribution of immunoglobulin VH gene mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells are consistent with the canonical somatic hypermutation process

Abstract

The overexpanded clone in most B-cell-type chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL) patients expresses an immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain variable (V(H)) region gene with some level of mutation. While it is presumed that these mutations were introduced in the progenitor cell of the leukemic clone by the canonical somatic hypermutation (SHM) process, direct evidence of such is lacking. Nucleotide sequences of the Ig V(H) genes from 172 B-CLL patients were analyzed. Previously described V(H) gene usage biases were noted. As with canonical SHM, mutations found in B-CLL were more frequent in RGYW hot spots (mutations in an RGYW motif = 44.1%; germ line frequency of RGYW motifs = 25.6%) and favored transitions over transversions (transition-transversion ratio = 1.29). Significantly, transition preference was also noted when only mutations in the wobble position of degenerate codons were considered. Wobble positions are inherently unselected since regardless of change an identical amino acid is encoded; therefore, they represent a window into the nucleotide bias of the mutational mechanism. B-CLL V(H) mutations concentrated in complementarity-determining region 1 (CDR1) and CDR2, which exhibited higher replacement-to-silent ratios (CDR R/S, 4.60; framework region [FR] R/S, 1.72). These results are consistent with the notion that V(H) mutations in B-CLL cells result from canonical SHM and select for altered, structurally sound antigen receptors.