Investigations were made, on a non-selective basis, of the qualitative nature and relative incidence of the different types of the bacterial flora of three soils differing in fertility. The organisms were classified into eight groups. Non-spore-forming short rods, of which five groups were recognized, comprised nearly 90% of all types. Gram-negative short rods formed the most prevalent single group, rather more numerous than Gram-positive short rods. Gram-variable short rods, coccoid rods and pleomorphic rods (Bact. globiforme) were regarded as definite groups. Cocci, non-spore-forming long rods and spore-formers were less prominent soil types.In spite of unequal productivity, the soils showed no outstanding differences in the relative incidence of the bacterial groups. Certain groups showed some indication of seasonal and cropping effect. The results suggest that the general character of the autochthonous (indigenous) soil flora is relatively uniform in soil of definite type, even though productivity may be greatly altered by manurial treatment.The predominant soil bacteria appear relatively inactive in single culture. Moreover considerable divergence in biochemical action was shown by apparently closely related forms. It is suggested that the bacterial flora is relatively unstable physiologically, with considerable adaptability, and that the functions of the different species are exercised most fully only under conditions of association.