Quantitative histologic evaluation of LTI carbon, carbon‐coated aluminum oxide and uncoated aluminum oxide dental implants

Abstract

The response of mandibular bone to identical geometry LTI carbon, carbon‐coated aluminum oxide, and uncoated aluminum oxide blade‐type dental implants in baboons for 2 years was evaluated using histologic, microradiographic, and scanning electron microscopic methods. In addition, a quantitative histologic analysis was performed identifying the type, amount, and distribution of tissue surrounding the dental implant systems. This is the final phase of a study investigating the effect of implant elastic modulus and implant surface chemical composition on the performance of dental implants. Previous studies have utilized clinical and radiographic evaluations, postretrieval mechanical testing, and finite element stress analysis to evaluate the dental implant performance. The results of the histologic study revealed a direct implant‐bone interface with no intervening soft tissue in 16 of the 21 implants (76%). A fibrous tissue interface was observed in 5 of 21 implants (24%). Quantitative histologic results for the implants with a direct implant‐bone interface showed statistically larger crestal cortical plates (p < 0.05) and greater area fraction crestal cancellous bone (p < 0.05) in the LTI carbon implant compared to the carbon‐coated and uncoated aluminum oxide implants. The carbon‐coated and uncoated aluminum oxide implants demonstrated statistically greater area fraction cancellous bone at the inferior region of the implant (p < 0.05) and thinned and reduced crestal cortical plates when compared to the LTI carbon implants. The results indicate that significant stress shielding of the crestal bone had occurred with the rigid carbon‐coated and uncoated aluminum oxide implants when compared to the LTI carbon implants which had a material elastic modulus similar to cortical bone. Based upon the histologic results, it appears that the LTI carbon implants with the direct implant‐bone interface exhibited a greater potential for long‐term successful performance compared to the aluminum oxide substrate implants.