Citrate signal enhancement with a homonuclear J‐refocusing modification to double‐echo PRESS sequences

Abstract

The citrate signal at field strengths of whole body imagers arises from two sets of two strongly coupled methylene protons. This causes citrate spectra acquired with standard in vivo localization schemes like the double‐echo point resolved echo spectroscopy (PRESS) sequence to have complicated dependencies on timing parameters. A homonuclear J‐refo‐cused version of the double‐echo PRESS sequence that has previously been shown to completely remove J‐modulations from weakly coupled AX systems is considered for its potential in acquiring signal from the strongly coupled AB system of citrate. An analytic solution to the problem is derived with the density matrix formalism and verified both numerically and experimentally for 7 T conditions. The general expression for the AB signal is applied to study the 1.5 T citrate signal where a substantial signal enhancement over conventional double‐echo PRESS sequences is predicted and verified for echo times in the 150 to 300 ms range.