Distinctive Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Effects of Flavonols

Abstract

The antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects of flavonols have been suggested to be structure-related. Results revealed that selected flavonols, including fisetin (F), kaempferol (K), morin (MO), myricetin (MY), and quercetin (Q), exhibited distinctive free radical scavenging properties against different kinds of free radicals. The H donation (DPPH bleaching) potential was Q > F ≈ MY > MO > K, indicating that the presence of a 3‘,4‘-catechol moiety in the B ring correlated with high activity. The 4‘-OH in the B ring was suggested to be important for reducing xanthing/xanthine oxidase-generated superoxide; while an additional OH moiety on the ortho sites (3‘ or 5‘) attenuated the effect as the observed inhibitory potency was K ≈ MO > Q > F > MY. The relative inhibitory effect for Fenton-mediated hydroxyl radical was K ≈ MO ≈ Q > F > MY. This result implies the involvement of 4-keto, 5-OH region in Fe⁺⁺ chelating and the negative effect of pyrogallol moiety in the B ring. Similar to the inhibitory activity against a N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-MLP)-stimulated oxidative burst in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), our result showed that the structural peculiarity of the di-OH in the B ring obviously rendered F, Q, and MO more potent as ROS inhibitors than MY and K, which have tri- and mono-OH in the B ring, respectively. All of the previous data indicated that the structure prerequisite to reinforce the free radical scavenging activity varies with the type of free radical. We further analyzed the effects of flavonols on nitric oxide (NO) production in endotoxin-stimulated murine macrophages, RAW264.7 cells. Results showed that all flavonols (up to 10 μM) inhibited NO production without exerting detectable cytotoxicity. F, K, and Q dose-dependently repressed iNOS mRNA expression and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production, in part through an attenuating NF-κB signaling pathway. This result indicates that flavonols, despite structural similarity, have different antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. Keywords: Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; kaempferol; quercetin; fisetin; NF-κB