π–π Aggregation in metalloporphyrins: causative factors

Abstract
The strength of aggregation in PdII, NiII, ZnII, and CdII metalloporphyrins is shown by n.m.r. spectroscopy to depend upon interaction of the metal ion with the porphyrin π-system; within a selected series of 2,4-disbustituted deuteroporphyrin-IX dimethyl esters complexed with a constant metal ion the aggregation is further enhanced by the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents on the porphyrin periphery.

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