Expectations of the productivity of rangelands which are greater than can be realistically achieved are the prime cause of degradation. These case studies centred on Queensland are used to highlight the difficulties which can be expected in attempting to restore rangelands to a productive state. The need for an ecological understanding of the system is an essential prerequisite for rehabilitation. Restoration will not be successful in the long-term if management based on sound ecological principles and a change in attitude towards expectations and risk are not implemented.