Subfreezing Growth of the Sea Ice Bacterium ?Psychromonas ingrahamii?

Abstract
Psychromonas ingrahamii,” named for John L. Ingraham, was isolated from sea ice from off Point Barrow, Alaska. This large rod-shaped bacterium belongs to the gamma-Proteobacteria. “P. ingrahamii” is a psychrophilic, heterotrophic bacterium that is gas vacuolate and nonmotile. “P. ingrahamii” is notable in that it grows at a temperature of −12°C with a generation time of 240 h. This is the lowest growth temperatures of any organism authenticated by a growth curve.