Exogenous Sources of Listeria Contamination in Raw Ewe's Milk

Abstract
Water, feeds, milking equipment, environmental samples and feces from 15 farms producing ewe's milk contaminated by Listeria spp. were examined over a 1-year period, using a two-step enrichment procedure followed by a DNA hybridization test. Listeria spp. were isolated from 19.6% of trough-water samples, 13.1% of feed samples, 36.4% of bedding samples, 80.6% of farmyard-soil samples, and 16.2% of ewe's feces samples. The contamination rates of these samples by L. monocytogenes were 7.8%, 1.2%, 11.4%, 8.3%, and 2.7%, respectively. Tap water and milking equipment were free from Listeria spp. Fecal samples from poultry and birds in the farms exhibited a high incidence of Listeria spp. (72.7% for hens, 28.6% for pigeons and 48.3% for sparrows) and could be responsible for the contamination of trough water and some feeds by these microorganisms.