The GOELAM group conducted 2 consecutive trials on the treatment of de novo acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) in adults. In the GOELAM1 protocol 786 patients aged 15–65 were randomized between two induction treatments (ARA-C 200 mg/m2/day for 7 days plus either Idarubicin 8 mg/m2/day for 5 days or Rubidazone 200 mg/m2/day for 4 days). Out of 731 evaluable patients, 521 (71%) achieved complete remission (CR) without significant difference between the 2 anthracyclines. For patients aged 51–65, the CR rate was significantly higher with Idarubicin (75%) than with Rubidazone (61%) (p=0,03). In this group of patients the post-remission therapy consisted in only one course of high dose ARA-C plus m-Amsa and the 6 year disease free survival (DFS) was 24% (intention to treat analysis). For patients aged 15–50 years, the post remission therapy was either allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) (patients up to 40 years of age with an HLA identical sibling) or a first course of intensive consolidation chemotherapy (ICC) followed by a randomization between autologous unpurged bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) and a second course of ICC. There was no significant difference in the 4 year DFS between allogeneic BMT (42%) and the other types of intensive post remission-therapy (40%). The 4 year DFS was 42% for ABMT and 38% for ICC (p=0.46) (intention to treat analysis). However the median duration of thrombocytopenia was much longer after ABMT (109.5 days versus 18.5 days p=0.0001). The GOELAM SA3 randomized placebo-controlled protocol tested the impact of GM-CSF given during and after induction treatment for elderly patients (55–75 years). In this study, 232 evaluable patients received induction chemotherapy (Idarubicin 8 mg/m2/day for 5 days plus ARA-C 100 mg/m2/day for 7 days) plus placebo or GM-CSF 5μg/kg/day from day 1 until the end of neutropenia. The CR rate was 61.5%. The median duration of neutropenia was shorter in the GM-CSF arm (22 days versus 27 days p=0.0001). There was no overall significant advantage for the GM-CSF arm, in terms of CR rate and survival. However for patients age 55–64 the 2 year DFS was significantly higher in the GM-CSF arm (43% vs 17% p=0.0013).