Hydrocephalus: electrocardiographic localization of the catheter in ventriculo-atrial shunts.

Abstract
An ecg technique for the localization of the atrial catheter of the Pudenz Heyer apparatus is described. Experience in 70 operations shows that the technique can be performed reliably, with speed and with minimal disturbance of the operative field. The position of the tip of the catheter in the atrium is more accurately given by the changes in electrical potential than by X-ray correlation with predetermined vertebral level.