Quantum-Mechanical, Microscopic Brownian Motion
- 6 May 1966
- journal article
- research article
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review B
- Vol. 145 (1), 93-110
- https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.145.93
Abstract
Recently, the Fokker-Planck (F-P) equation, satisfied by the phase-space distribution function of a Brownian (B) particle, has been derived from the Liouville equation, satisfied by the phase-space distribution function of the composite system, B particle plus fluid. We have started from a strictly quantum-mechanical formulation of the problem, using a density-matrix description of the composite system, and have shown that in an appropriate classical limit the F-P equation results. To lowest order in , our technique gives the same expression for the friction coefficient obtained earlier from the Liouville equation. In principle it yields corrections to the F-P equation to all orders in . We have shown that for a uniform fluid, the quantum corrections to the F-P equation to first order in appear only as a shift in the friction coefficient. If the classical friction coefficient is replaced by , with an appropriate , then the F-P equation is given correctly to order . There is a difference in the mass dependence of and which suggests the existence of an isotope effect in the mobility of a particle moving through a quantum fluid. The technique employed in the derivation is to consider the expectation value of the density matrix of the system in a state in which the position and momentum of the particles are known with maximum accuracy (Kennard packet). This expectation value is an appropriate, positive, semiclassical phase-space distribution function. An appropriate equation is derived for , which to lowest order in is the Liouville equation. The remainder of the derivation is similar to the derivation in the classical case (a suitable projection technique is used).
Keywords
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