Aspen Association in Northern Lower Michigan

Abstract

A detailed study is given of this wide-spread association as it occurs in the revegetation of northern lower Michigan after the removal of the primeval forest, including a description of the life history of the association, its varying character on different soils (dominated by Populus grandidentata on sandy upland, Populus tremuloides on lowland, and Prunus pennsylvanica on clayey upland), full lists of sp. with % frequencies of trees and shrubs and frequency indices of ground plants, relation to fire, moss and lichen cover, and culture.