Ferroelectric Tungsten Bronze-Type Crystal Structures. I. Barium Strontium Niobate Ba0.27Sr0.75Nb2O5.78

Abstract

Ferroelectric Ba_0.27Sr_0.75Nb₂O_5.78, with $T_c\text{\hspace{0.17em}=\hspace{0.17em}348°\hspace{0.17em}±\hspace{0.17em}15°}\mathrm{K}$ , is a tungsten bronze‐type structure crystallizing in the tetragonal system, with lattice constants $\text{a\hspace{0.17em}=\hspace{0.17em}12.43024\hspace{0.17em}±\hspace{0.17em}0.00002}$ and $\text{c\hspace{0.17em}=\hspace{0.17em}3.91341\hspace{0.17em}±\hspace{0.17em}0.00001}\mathrm{\AA }$ at 298°K, space group $\text{P4bm}$ , and five formulas in the unit cell. The integrated intensities of 6781 structure factors were measured with PEXRAD, 875 symmetry‐independent structure factors being significantly above background. The metal‐atom positions were determined from the three‐dimensional Patterson function and the oxygen atoms from subsequent Fourier series. The final agreement factor between measured and calculated structure factors is 0.0508. The structure consists of close‐packed slightly puckered layers of oxygen atoms separated by nearly $\text{c\hspace{0.17em}/\hspace{0.17em}2}$ . The Nb atoms are slightly displaced from one layer, the Ba and Sr atoms from the other and in the same sense. The oxygen atoms in the Ba and Sr layer are disordered. Neither of the two independent sites occupied by the Ba and Sr atoms is fully filled. The 2$a$ site is preferred by Sr, which is in distorted cubo‐octahedral coordination; the Sr–O distances range from 2.547 ± 0.008 Å to 2.919 ± 0.008 Å. The 4$c$ site, occupied by Ba and Sr, has distorted tricapped trigonal prismatic symmetry; the Ba/Sr–O distances range from 2.604 ± 0.009 Å to 3.035 ± 0.010 Å. The two independent Nb atoms fully occupy the 2$b$ and 8$d$ sites and are each in relatively regular octahedral coordination. The 2$b$ site has Nb–O distances ranging from 1.92 ± 0.03 Å to 2.03 ± 0.03 Å; the 8d‐site Nb–O distances range from 1.88 ± 0.03 Å to 2.11 ± 0.03 Å. A ferroelectric mechanism is proposed in which the metal atoms in the 2$a$ , 2$b$ , and 4$c$ sites move, at the Curie temperature, into the oxygen layers. These metal atoms then acquire 4̄,222, or 2 point symmetry, respectively, as the space group transforms to $\text{P4̄b2}$ . The remaining Nb atoms, in the 8$d$ position, also rearrange so as to have half above and half below the oxygen layer. The absolute displacements of the metal atoms from their nearest mean planes of oxygen atoms, in space group $\text{P4̄bm}$ , are directly related to the ferroelectric polarization sense.