Molecular and functional properties of two-pore-domain potassium channels

Abstract

The two-pore-domain K⁺ channels, or K_2P channels, constitute a novel class of K⁺channel subunits. They have four transmembrane segments and are active as dimers. The tissue distribution of these channels is widespread, and they are found in both excitable and nonexcitable cells. K_2P channels produce currents with unusual characteristics. They are quasi-instantaneous and noninactivating, and they are active at all membrane potentials and insensitive to the classic K⁺ channel blockers. These properties designate them as background K⁺ channels. They are expected to play a major role in setting the resting membrane potential in many cell types. Another salient feature of K_2P channels is the diversity of their regulatory mechanisms. The weak inward rectifiers TWIK-1 and TWIK-2 are stimulated by activators of protein kinase C and decreased by internal acidification, the baseline TWIK-related acid-sensitive K⁺ (TASK)-1 and TASK-2 channels are sensitive to external pH changes in a narrow range near physiological pH, and the TWIK-related (TREK)-1 and TWIK-related arachidonic acid-stimulated K⁺ (TRAAK) channels are the first cloned polyunsaturated fatty acids-activated and mechanogated K⁺ channels. The recent demonstration that TASK-1 and TREK-1 channels are activated by inhalational general anesthetics, and that TRAAK is activated by the neuroprotective agent riluzole, indicates that this novel class of K⁺ channels is an interesting target for new therapeutic developments.