Phosphorylation of PPP(S/T)P motif of the free LRP6 intracellular domain is not required to activate the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway and attenuate GSK3β activity

Abstract

The canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway plays a critical role in numerous physiological and pathological processes. LRP6 is an essential co‐receptor for Wnt/β‐catenin signaling; as transduction of the Wnt signal is strongly dependent upon GSK3β‐mediated phosphorylation of multiple PPP(S/T)P motifs within the membrane‐anchored LRP6 intracellular domain. Previously, we showed that the free LRP6 intracellular domain (LRP6‐ICD) can activate the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway in a β‐catenin and TCF/LEF‐1 dependent manner, as well as interact with and attenuate GSK3β activity. However, it is unknown if the ability of LRP6‐ICD to attenuate GSK3β activity and modulate activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway requires phosphorylation of the LRP6‐ICD PPP(S/T)P motifs, in a manner similar to the membrane‐anchored LRP6 intracellular domain. Here we provide evidence that the LRP6‐ICD does not have to be phosphorylated at its PPP(S/T)P motif by GSK3β to stabilize endogenous cytosolic β‐catenin resulting in activation of TCF/LEF‐1 and the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. LRP6‐ICD and a mutant in which all 5 PPP(S/T)P motifs were changed to PPP(A)P motifs equivalently interacted with and attenuated GSK3β activity in vitro, and both constructs inhibited the in situ GSK3β‐mediated phosphorylation of β‐catenin and tau to the same extent. These data indicate that the LRP6‐ICD attenuates GSK3β activity similar to other GSK3β binding proteins, and is not a result of it being a GSK3β substrate. Our findings suggest the functional and regulatory mechanisms governing the free LRP6‐ICD may be distinct from membrane‐anchored LRP6, and that release of the LRP6‐ICD may provide a complimentary signaling cascade capable of modulating Wnt‐dependent gene expression. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 886–895, 2009.