In vitro ozone exposure inhibits mitogen‐induced lymphocyte proliferation and IL‐2 production

Abstract

Human blood mononuclear cells were exposed to ozone in vitro and thereafter analyzed for competence in mitogen‐induced proliferation as well as IL‐1 and IL‐2 production. Proliferative responses induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were all depressed in lymphocytes exposed to an ozone concentration of 1 ppm for 4–6 h. The response to PWM was most sensitive to the ozone effect (38% suppression); responses to Con A and PHA were suppressed to a lesser extent, 23% and 18%, respectively, and were not significantly different from each other. PWM responses were affected at an ozone concentration as low as 0.1 ppm; however, no suppression of Con A‐induced proliferation was seen below 0.18 ppm or of PHA‐induced proliferation below 0.5 ppm. When lymphocytes and monocytes were exposed separately to ozone and then mixed back with control air‐exposed monocytes or lymphocytes, both cell types appeared to be affected and the functional defects caused by the pollutant were additive. Monocyte IL‐1 production induced by endotoxin was not affected by ozone exposure, while surface expression of HLA‐DR on exposed monocytes was reduced by 40% 24 h after exposure. Moreover, lymphocytes exposed to ozone produced 46% less IL‐2 while expressing similar surface density of IL‐2 receptors. Taken together, these results show that exposure to ozone has distinct adverse effects on lymphocytes and monocytes, both of which are important in local immune defenses in the lung.