Activation and substrate specificity of the human protein kinase C α and ζ isoenzymes

Abstract

Protein kinase C (PKC), a class of serine/threonine kinases activated by Ca²⁺ and/or phospholipids, is involved in a variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and secretion. Nine members of the PKC gene family are known; these are differentially expressed in eukaryotic cells and can be divided into two sub-groups: the Ca²⁺ -dependent (classical) PKC isoenzymes α, βI, βII and γ, and the Ca²⁺ -independent neoPKC isoenzymes δ, ε, ζ, ν and θ. A detailed biochemical characterisation of these PKC isoenzymes is one prerequisite for the elucidation of their distinct roles within cellular signal transduction. In this study, we report the cloning of a human PKC-ζ cDNA, its expression in recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells and the partial purification of the PKC-ζ isoenzyme. In comparison to higly purified human PKC α, a representative of the classical PKC subgroup, purified PKC ζ was characterised with respect to activator requirement, substrate specificity, proteolytic activation and sensitivity towards PKC inhibitors. In contrast to PKC α, PKC ζ exhibits a constitutive kinase activity which is independent of Ca²⁺, phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol. Arachidonic acid alone or a combination of γ-linolenic acid and phosphatidylserine slightly enhance PKC ζ activity. In the presence of the classical PKC activators phosphatidylserine/diacylglycerol, PKC α phosphorylates a PKC-α pseudosubstrate-derived peptide, an epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-derived peptide, histone III-S and myelin basic protein to an equal extent, whilst PKC ζ phosphorylates only the PKC-α-derived peptide. However, arachidonic acid greatly diminishes PKC-α activity towards the epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-derived peptide, histone III-S and myelin basic protein, but enhances PKC-ζ activity towards the PKC-α-derived peptide. These results indicate a possible modulation of substrate specificity of these two PKC isoenzymes by (the binding of) different activators (to their regulatory domains). In the case of PKC ζ, this finding is strengthened by the fact that the epidermal growth factor receptor-derived peptide, which is not a substrate for the holoenzyme, is significantly phosphorylated by a protein fragment generated by limited proteolysis and comprising only the kinase domain. Furthermore, PKC ζ, in contrast to PKC α, is insensitive to PKC inhibitors known to interfere either with the regulatory or the catalytic domain and cannot be activated by phorbol ester treatment of NIH 3T3 cells or insect cells, overexpressing the respective PKC isoenzyme. The potential implications of these findings on the mechanism(s) activation and the substrate specificity of PKC ζ are discussed.