Ion source of high brightness using liquid metal

Abstract
The beam from an EHD ion source using liquid gallium has been shown to have a brigtness of 0.9×105 A cm−2 sr−1 at 21 kV and an energy spread of 12 eV at 10‐μA total current. The effective source diameter was 0.2 μm as imaged by a 2‐cm‐long Einzel lens with a 0.12‐mm aperture. Cesium was significantly poorer and mercury much poorer than gallium.

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