The disulfide-bonded loop of chromogranin B mediates membrane binding and directs sorting from the trans-Golgi network to secretory granules

Abstract

The disulfide‐bonded loop of chromogranin B (CgB), a regulated secretory protein with widespread distribution in neuroendocrine cells, is known to be essential for the sorting of CgB from the trans‐Golgi network (TGN) to immature secretory granules. Here we show that this loop, when fused to the constitutively secreted protein α₁‐antitrypsin (AT), is sufficient to direct the fusion protein to secretory granules. Importantly, the sorting efficiency of the AT reporter protein bearing two loops (E2/3–AT–E2/3) is much higher compared with that of AT with a single disulfide‐bonded loop. In contrast to endogenous CgB, E2/3–AT–E2/3 does not undergo Ca²⁺/pH‐dependent aggregation in the TGN. Furthermore, the disulfide‐bonded loop of CgB mediates membrane binding in the TGN and does so with 5‐fold higher efficiency if two loops are present on the reporter protein. The latter finding supports the concept that under physiological conditions, aggregates of CgB are the sorted units of cargo which have multiple loops on their surface leading to high membrane binding and sorting efficiency of CgB in the TGN.