Mutation of FIG4 causes neurodegeneration in the pale tremor mouse and patients with CMT4J

Abstract

The appearance of a spontaneous mutation in mice in a University of Michigan research laboratory has led to the identification of the gene responsible for a form of the inherited neurodegenerative disease called Charcot–Marie–Tooth disorder. The pale tremor mice, which develop a multi-organ neurodegeneration, are mutated in a homologue of the yeast gene Fig4, which is required to maintain normal levels of the signalling lipid PtdIns(3,5)P2. Prior to this work, there had been no indication that the low abundance signalling compound PtdIns(3,5)P2 had a specific role in neuronal maintenance. This manuscript provides A first description of a new spontaneous mouse mutant, called pale tremor, with a retrotransposon inserted into the gene encoding the phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase (PtdIns(3,5)P2) Fig4. The phenotype includes early neurodegeneration, abnormal pigmentation, altered phosphoinositide levels, and the presence of large vacuoles in affected cells. Membrane-bound phosphoinositides are signalling molecules that have a key role in vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic cells1. Proteins that bind specific phosphoinositides mediate interactions between membrane-bounded compartments whose identity is partially encoded by cytoplasmic phospholipid tags. Little is known about the localization and regulation of mammalian phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2), a phospholipid present in small quantities that regulates membrane trafficking in the endosome–lysosome axis in yeast2. Here we describe a multi-organ disorder with neuronal degeneration in the central nervous system, peripheral neuronopathy and diluted pigmentation in the ‘pale tremor’ mouse. Positional cloning identified insertion of ETn2β (early transposon 2β)3 into intron 18 of Fig4 (A530089I17Rik), the homologue of a yeast SAC (suppressor of actin) domain PtdIns(3,5)P2 5-phosphatase located in the vacuolar membrane. The abnormal concentration of PtdIns(3,5)P2 in cultured fibroblasts from pale tremor mice demonstrates the conserved biochemical function of mammalian Fig4. The cytoplasm of fibroblasts from pale tremor mice is filled with large vacuoles that are immunoreactive for LAMP-2 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2), consistent with dysfunction of the late endosome–lysosome axis. Neonatal neurodegeneration in sensory and autonomic ganglia is followed by loss of neurons from layers four and five of the cortex, deep cerebellar nuclei and other localized brain regions. The sciatic nerve exhibits reduced numbers of large-diameter myelinated axons, slowed nerve conduction velocity and reduced amplitude of compound muscle action potentials. We identified pathogenic mutations of human FIG4 (KIAA0274) on chromosome 6q21 in four unrelated patients with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. This novel form of autosomal recessive Charcot–Marie–Tooth disorder is designated CMT4J.