Enzyme Kinetics for the Formation of 3-Hydroxyquinine and Three New Metabolites of Quinine in Vitro; 3-Hydroxylation by CYP3A4 is Indeed the Major Metabolic Pathway

Abstract

The formation kinetics of 3-hydroxyquinine, 2′-quininone, (10S)-11-dihydroxydihydroquinine, and (10R)-11-dihydroxydihydroquinine were investigated in human liver microsomes and in human recombinant-expressed CYP3A4. The inhibition profile was studied by the use of different concentrations of ketoconazole, troleandomycin, and fluvoxamine. In addition, formation rates of the metabolites were correlated to different enzyme probe activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 in microsomes from 20 human livers. Formation of 3-hydroxyquinine had the highest intrinsic clearance in human liver microsomes (mean ± S.D.) of 11.0 ± 4.6 μl/min/mg. A markedly lower intrinsic clearance, 1.4 ± 0.7, 0.5 ± 0.1, and 1.1 ± 0.2 μl/min/mg was measured for 2′-quininone, (10R)-11-dihydroxydihydroquinine and (10S)-11-dihydroxydihydroquinine, respectively. Incubation with human recombinant CYP3A4 resulted in a 20-fold higher intrinsic clearance for 3-hydroxyquinine compared with 2′-quininone formation whereas no other metabolites were detected. The formation rate of 3-hydroxyquinine was completely inhibited by ketoconazole (1 μM) and troleandomycin (80 μM). Strong inhibition was observed on the formation of 2′-quininone whereas the formation of (10S)-11-dihydroxydihydroquinine was partly inhibited by these two inhibitors. No inhibition on the formation of (10R)-11-dihydroxydihydroquinine was observed. There was a significant correlation between the formation rates of quinine metabolites and activities of the CYP3A4 selected marker probes. This in vitro study demonstrates that 3-hydroxyquinine is the principal metabolite of quinine and CYP3A4 is the major enzyme involved in this metabolic pathway.