HIF‐1α protein as a target for S‐nitrosation

Abstract

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) is a master regulator to sense decreased oxygen partial pressure. HIF-1 alpha stability regulation initiates a complex biological response that allows cells to act appropriately to meet patho-physiological situations of decreased oxygen availability. Recently, nitric oxide emerged as a messenger with the ability to stabilize HIF-1 alpha and to transactivate HIF-1 under normoxia. Considering that reactive nitrogen species are recognized for post-translation protein modifications, among others S-nitrosation, we asked whether HIF-1 alpha is a target for S-nitrosation. In vitro NO+ donating NO donors such as GSNO and SNAP provoked massive S-nitrosation of purified HIF-1 alpha. All 15 free thiol groups found in human HIF-1 alpha are subjected to S-nitrosation. Thiol modification is not shared by spermine-NONOate, a NO radical donating compound. However, spermine-NONOate in the presence of O(2)(-), generated by xanthine/xanthine oxidase, regained S-nitrosation, most likely via formation of a N(2)O(3)-like species. In vitro, S-nitrosation of HIF-1 alpha was attenuated by the addition of GSH or ascorbate. In RCC4 and HEK293 cells GSNO or SNAP reproduced S-nitrosation of HIF-1 alpha, however with a significantly reduced potency that amounted to modification of three to four thiols, only. Importantly, endogenous formation of NO in RCC4 cells via inducible NO synthase elicited S-nitrosation of HIF-1 alpha that was sensitive to inhibition of inducible NO synthase activity with N-monomethyl-L-arginine. NO-stabilized HIF-1 alpha was susceptible to the addition of N-acetyl-cysteine that destabilized HIF-1 alpha in close correlation to the disappearance of S-nitrosated HIF-1 alpha. In conclusion, HIF-1 alpha is a target for S-nitrosation by exogenously and endogenously produced NO.